31 Van Latum. Neem tree

This paper deals with the problems when using chemicals for
pest management. It discusses the use of the NEEM TREE as a
widely available, cheap and safe way of controlling several
agricultural pests like insects, mites, nematodes and fungi.
The paper deals with extraction methods of chemicals from the
neem tree, with the biological processes involved in pest
management using the neem tree and with remaining uses of the
neem tree. It also discusses some general aspects of the neem
tree like distribution and disadvantageous aspects.


CONTENTS:

Preface 1
1. Biology of the neem tree 4
1.1 description and classification 4
1.2 distribution 4
1.3 ecology 5
1.4 toxic properties and active components 5
2. Neem's potential use in IPM schemes 5
2.1 introduction 5
2.2 what is Integrated Pest Management? 6
2.3 comparison between IPM and chemical pest management 6
2.4 problems with the introduction of IPM 8
2.5 conditions for a good pesticide 9
3. Biocidal actions of neem components 10
3.1 biochemistry of active components 10
3.2 systematic action 11
3.3 stability 11
3.4 organisms known to be affected 12
3.5 behavioural reactions 13
3.5.1 attraction 13
3.5.2 repellence 13
3.5.3 antifeedance 13
3.6 toxic reactions 13
3.6.1 sterilant effects 13
3.6.2 ovicidal effects 14
3.6.3 larvicidal effects 14
3.6.4 remaining biocidal effects 14
3.7 applicability in crop protection 14
3.7.1 phytotoxity 15
3.7.2 effects on predators and parasites 15
3.7.3 taste 15
4. Preparation of neem biocidal products 16
4.1 oil, cakes and sprays 16
4.2 common products 16
4.2.1 azadirachtin 16
4.2.2 salanin 16
4.2.3 others 16
4.3 simple methods 16
4.4 advanced products 17
4.4.1 choice of raw materials 17
4.4.2 use of solvents 18
4.4.3 extraction methods 18
4.4.4 additions 18
4.4.5 standard formulas and qualities 19
4.5 durability and storage 20
5. results of biological use of neem products 20
5.1 organisms and crop systems on which the products
have been tested 20
5.1.1 insects 20
5.1.2 mites 46
5.1.3 nematodes 47
5.1.4 fungi 48
5.2 reference tables: crop, pest and method 49
5.3 evaluation of neem's effectiveness 49
6. Other uses of the neem tree 49
6.1 agricultural uses 49
6.2 medical uses 49
6.3 remaining uses 52
7. Conclusions 52
Literature 53